What Did The Epa Identify Under The Clean Air Act?
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According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "Congress designed the Clean Air Act to protect public wellness and welfare from different types of air pollution acquired past a diverse array of pollution sources."[1] [ii] [three]
The act requires the federal government to set national air quality standards to reduce air pollution and states to implement the standards through individual plans subject to approval by the EPA. National air quality standards and air pollution regulation are enforced primarily past state governments; states issue permits, monitor compliance, and behave facility inspections, while the EPA has authority to review state actions. The human activity also requires regulation of stationary and mobile sources of air pollution and limits on hazardous air pollutant emissions, among other provisions.[four] [5]
Background
In 1947, California became the first state to enact air pollution control legislation. The California Air Pollution Control Human activity (CAPCA), signed into law by Governor Earl Warren on June x, 1947, "authorized the creation of Air Pollution Control districts out of every county, with Los Angeles County, i of the nigh polluted areas in the nation, being the largest."[six]
In 1955, Congress passed the Air Pollution Control Act (APCA), which allocated funds for federal enquiry into air pollution. This was the start federal air pollution legislation in the United States. APCA, however, did not empower the federal authorities to take regulatory action in air pollution matters. Information technology was not until the passage of the Make clean Air Act in 1963 that the federal government assumed any regulatory or enforcement authorization over air quality concerns in the United States.[3]
In January 1955, in a special statement delivered to Congress recommending a public wellness program, President Dwight D. Eisenhower said the following:[seven]
| " | Equally a result of industrial growth and urban development, the temper over some population centers may be budgeted the limit of its ability to absorb air pollutants with safety to health. I am recommending an increased appropriation to the Public Health Service for studies seeking necessary scientific data and more than constructive methods of control.[8] | " |
| —President Dwight D. Eisenhower[7] | ||
Legislative history
Meet bill: Clean Air Act
| Make clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 | |
 | |
| United States Congress | |
| Full text: | Link |
| Legislative history | |
| Introduced: | September 14, 1989 (in the United States Senate) |
| House vote: | Passed without objection; May 23, 1990 |
| Senate vote: | 89-11; April three, 1990 |
| Conference: | October 26, 1990 |
| Conference vote (Business firm): | 401-25; Oct 26, 1990 |
| Conference vote (Senate): | 89-ten; Oct 27, 1990 |
| President: | George H.W. Bush |
| Signed: | November thirteen, 1990 |
The Clean Air Act of 1963 established an air pollution control plan within the U.Southward. Public Health Service. The Air Quality Act of 1967 further expanded federal monitoring and regulatory authority over air quality. In 1970, the United States Congress approved major amendments to the CAA authorizing "the evolution of comprehensive federal and country regulations to limit emissions from stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources." The adoption of the 1970 CAA amendments coincided with the enactment of the National Environmental Policy Human activity, which formed the U.Southward. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA, in plough, assumed responsibleness for implementing the provisions of the CAA. Farther amendments were made to the CAA in 1977 and 1990.[3]
The table beneath summarizes congressional actions related to air pollution control.
| Clean Air Human activity and amendments, 1955-2004 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Yr | Act | Citation |
| 1955 | Air Pollution Control Act | P.50. 84-159 |
| 1959 | Reauthorization | P.Fifty. 86-353 |
| 1960 | Motor vehicle frazzle study | P.L. 86-493 |
| 1963 | Make clean Air Act | P.L. 88-206 |
| 1965 | Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Human activity | P.Fifty. 89-272, Title I |
| 1966 | Make clean Air Human activity Amendments of 1966 | P.L. 89-675 |
| 1967 | Air Quality Human action of 1967; National Air Emission Standards Act | P.L. 90-148 |
| 1970 | Make clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 | P.L. 91-604 |
| 1973 | Reauthorization | P.Fifty. 93-13 |
| 1974 | Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination Act of 1974 | P.L. 93-319 |
| 1977 | Make clean Air Human action Amendments of 1977 | P.L. 95-95 |
| 1980 | Acrid Precipitation Deed of 1980 | P.50. 96-294, Title VII |
| 1981 | Steel Industry Compliance Extension Human action of 1981 | P.Fifty. 97-23 |
| 1987 | Make clean Air Act 8-calendar month Extension | P.L. 100-202 |
| 1990 | Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 | P.Fifty. 101-549 |
| 1995-96 | Relatively minor laws amending the Human activity | P.L. 104-6, 59, 70, 260 |
| 1999 | Chemical Safety Information, Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act | P.L. 106-40 |
| 2004 | Amendments to §209 re small engines | P.L. 108-199, Division G, Championship IV, Department 428 |
| Source: Congressional Research Service, "Clean Air Act: A Summary of the Deed and Its Major Requirements," updated May 9, 2005 | ||
Provisions
-
- Meet too: Implementation of the Make clean Air Act
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
-
- Meet Also: Whitman five. American Trucking Associations
The Make clean Air Human action established nationwide air quality standards for vi air pollutants divers in the deed as criteria pollutants: ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. These standards, known every bit National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), ready ceilings for the 6 air pollutants, and states enact state implementation plans outlining enforceable, source-specific emissions limits for these pollutants. Each state plan must testify that the state will meet and maintain the NAAQS. In setting NAAQS, the EPA is required under the human activity to implement two standards for criteria pollutants—main and secondary standards. Primary standards limit pollution to protect man health, and secondary standards limit pollution to protect against visibility damage and damage to animals, vegetation, and buildings. If a geographical area exceeds the NAAQS for ane or more of the six criteria pollutants, the area is considered by the EPA every bit a nonattainment area. Geographical areas with pollutant concentrations below the NAAQS are known as attainment areas.[9] [10]
The table below summarizes NAAQS standards, which are the maximum allowable amounts in a given menstruation. Units of measure include parts per 1000000 (ppm) by book, parts per billion (ppb) by book, and micrograms per cubic meter of air (ÎĽg/m3).[11]
| National Ambient Air Quality Standards (equally of March 22, 2022) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pollutant | Primary or secondary | Averaging time | Standard level | Grade |
| Carbon monoxide | Master | 8-hour | ix ppm | Not to be exceeded more than once per year |
| Carbon monoxide | Primary | i-hour | 35 ppm | Non to be exceeded more than than once per year |
| Lead | Primary and secondary | Rolling iii-month average | 0.15 ÎĽg/m3 | Not to be exceeded |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NOii) | Primary | 1-hour | 100ppb | 98th percentile of i-60 minutes daily maximum, averaged over 3 years |
| Nitrogen dioxide | Primary and secondary | Annual | 53 ppb | Annual mean |
| Ozone (O3) | Primary and secondary | 8-hour | 0.070 ppm | Annual fourth-highest daily maximum eight-60 minutes concentration, averaged over 3 years |
| Particle pollution (PM2.5) | Primary | Annual | 12.0 ÎĽg/m3 | Annual mean, averaged over three years |
| Particle pollution (PM2.v) | Secondary | Annual | 15.0 ÎĽg/mthree | Almanac mean, averaged over three years |
| Particle pollution (PM2.v) | Primary and secondary | 24 hours | 35.0 ÎĽg/giii | 98th percentile, averaged over 3 years |
| Particle pollution (PM10) | Primary and secondary | 24 hours | 150.0 ÎĽg/one thousandiii | Non to be exceeded more than one time per year on average over iii years |
| Sulfur dioxide (SOtwo) | Primary | 1-hr | 75 ppb | 99th percentile of 1-hour daily maximum concentrations, averaged over iii years |
| Sulfur dioxide (SOii) | Secondary | 3-hour | 0.5 ppm | Not to be exceeded more than one time per yr |
| Source: U.Due south. Ecology Protection Agency, "NAAQS table," accessed May 10, 2022 | ||||
Current listings of nonattainment areas tin can exist accessed here. The map below was prepared by the EPA and shows designated non-attainment areas in the United states of america as of Apr 22, 2022.[12] [13]
State implementation plans
States must prefer a land implementation plan (SIP) designed to attain and maintain National Ambience Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). These plans are reviewed and approved by the EPA.[fourteen]
Country implementation plans must include enforceable emissions limitations and other pollutant control measures to attain and maintain NAAQS for the half-dozen criteria pollutants. Other requirements for state plans include the following:[xiv]
- A schedule or timetable for compliance with NAAQS and other Make clean Air Act requirements
- A allow program for sources of air pollution
- Plans for air quality monitoring in the land
- Prohibitions confronting emissions that may significantly contribute to another geographical area's inability to meet NAAQS
- Participation and consultations with local governments affected by a country plan
New Source Review Programme
Under the Clean Air Deed, the New Source Review Program (NSR) applies to major stationary sources of air pollution, which are defined as sources with the potential to emit a sure amount of a pollutant regulated nether the human action. Before a major stationary source is synthetic or an existing source is significantly modified, the facility must undergo an NSR analysis. The NSR assay requires a facility operator to review and analyze how the facility's emissions may touch on air quality. Operators must show that the facility volition non breach NAAQS or emissions limits found in the facility's permit, which must be obtained before the construction or modification of a facility begins. Permits, which are enforceable legal documents, include requirements for amalgam and operating units that produce emissions at a facility and the technology required to limit emissions, among other requirements.[fourteen]
Emissions standards for mobile sources
The Clean Air Human activity requires emissions limits for mobile sources of air pollution, including on-highway vehicles (such as cars, trucks, and buses), aircraft, and certain equipment, such as structure equipment, lawnmowers, portable generators, motorboats, forklifts, and others. In the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments, Congress set tighter standards (known every bit Tier I standards) limiting emissions of nitrogen oxides, benzene, carbon monoxide, and others from mobile sources. The amendments as well required the EPA to examine whether farther emissions standards were needed based on available technology and the cost-effectiveness of meeting new standards. In 2000, the EPA set further standards (known every bit Tier Two standards) to reduce emissions from cars and light trucks for 2004-2009 model year vehicles. The Clean Air Human activity Amendments of 1990 also required gasoline refiners to lower the sulfur content of gasoline to an average of xxx parts per million past October 1993.[xv] [fourteen]
Chancy air pollutants
As defined in the Clean Air Act, chancy air pollutants "crusade or contribute to an increase in bloodshed or an increment in serious irreversible, or incapacitating, reversible, affliction." Hazardous air pollutants may cause serious health effects, such every bit cancer, birth defects, respiratory illness, and other maladies. Under the Make clean Air Act of 1970 and 1977, the EPA set emissions limits for seven hazardous pollutants—beryllium, mercury, vinyl chloride, asbestos, benzene, radionuclides, and arsenic.[fourteen]
With the 1990 Clean Air Human activity Amendments, Congress revised the EPA's chancy air pollutant program to a engineering-based regulatory system. The EPA regulates major sources of hazardous air pollutant emissions and require facilities to adopt technologies to control their emissions. Technologies used to reduce chancy pollutants include scrubbers, filters, thermal oxidizers, and more. The standards, known every bit maximum doable control applied science (MACT) standards, are based on the maximum reduction of emissions doable past new and existing sources of hazardous pollutants. The standards must likewise take into account costs and any non-air health or environmental impacts.[xiv] [16]
Support and opposition
Proponents of the Clean Air Human action argue that it is primarily responsible for reduced air pollution since 1970. Other proponents argue that the act has required industries to develop new anti-pollution controls to reduce emissions, creating jobs in the process. Critics of the human action's implementation, contend that the police force has produced cyberspace economic benefits despite other problems involving the act. Opponents of the Clean Air Act debate that its implementation has encumbered states and localities and that air pollution was already in decline past the time Congress passed the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970. The human activity's 1970 amendments survived a legal claiming in Whitman v. American Trucking Associations (2001).
Support
- In an commodity titled The Make clean Air Human activity, the Union of Concerned Scientists, whose stated mission is to adopt "rigorous, contained science to work to solve our planet's most pressing problems," argued that the Clean Air Deed from 1980 to 2022 resulted in a 25 pct reduction in smog, reductions in sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide by 71 pct and 46 per centum, respectively, and reductions in lead emissions by 92 percent (due the act's requirement that refiners reduce the lead content of gasoline). Further, the article argued that the Make clean Air Act has led to additional pollution reductions by requiring factories and other industries to implement new anti-pollution technology to command emissions.[17] [18]
- In a November 2022 report titled Protecting Public Wellness and Growing the Economy: 25 Years of the 1990 Clean Air Human action Amendments, the Center for American Progress, whose stated mission is "to improve the lives of all Americans, through bold, progressive ideas, besides every bit strong leadership and concerted activity," argued that the Clean Air Human activity has not inhibited economic growth or limited energy consumption. Co-ordinate to the written report, "Even while population, vehicle miles, and gross domestic product, or GDP, accept all increased, emissions of harmful pollutants have decreased significantly over the same period. Emissions from lead, NOx [nitrous oxides], and SOx [sulfur oxides] have fallen by fourscore percent, 51 percent, and 79 percentage respectively."[xix]
- In a March 2, 2022, post titled The Clean Air Act: Adept for Our Wellness AND Our Economy, Susanne Brooks, managing director of U.S. Climate Policy & Analysis at the Environmental Defence force Fund, whose stated mission is to "discover practical and lasting solutions to the almost serious environmental issues," cited EPA-authored research from March 2022 concluding that the Clean Air Act produced $i.3 trillion in wellness and environmental benefits for a toll of approximately $50 billion. The EPA written report'due south authors argued that Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 would 230,000 premature deaths and produce $ii trillion in economic benefits in the year 2022. Brooks concluded, "The Clean Air Act and its amendments prevent millions of premature deaths, significantly reduce illnesses, and salvage trillions of dollars for American families."[xx] [21]
Opposition
- In a 2007 study entitled Air Quality in America from the American Enterprise Constitute, whose stated mission is "expanding liberty, increasing individual opportunity and strengthening free enterprise," Joel M. Schwartz and Steven F. Hayward concluded that air pollution was already declining before Congress passed the Clean Air Human activity of 1970 (based on local and regional sources of air pollution data). The authors cited the city of Pittsburgh, which reduced airborne particulate thing levels by 50 percentage betwixt the 1920s and 1940s and by l per centum between the 1940s and 1970; Midwestern and Eastern industrial cities that "achieved big reductions in particulate levels during the early on and middle decades of the twentieth century"; monitoring information from the city of Los Angeles showing a steady decline in ground-level ozone (smog) that continued through the 1960s; and monitoring data from New York City that showed a 58 percent subtract in sulfur dioxide levels from 1963 and 1970 (when the showtime iteration of Make clean Air Act Amendments were passed).[22]
- In testimony earlier the U.S. House Subcommittee on the Interior, Energy and the Environment in March 2022, Nick Loris, the Herbert and Joyce Morgan Research Swain at The Heritage Foundation, whose stated mission is "to formulate and promote conservative public policies," argued that environmental laws such as the Clean Air Act are ill-equipped for dealing with environmental issues, producing high costs with lilliputian to no environmental benefit. "The EPA has used ever-expanding authority to implement stringent regulations with increasingly high compliance costs and diminishing marginal ecology returns," Loris said.[23]
- In a Dec 2022 report titled Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due, Reed Watson, the executive director of the Property and Surround Inquiry Center, whose stated mission is "to improving environmental quality through property rights and markets," argued that the local authorities ordinances and economic growth, rather than the Clean Air Deed, led to reductions in air pollutants from 1970 to 2022. Watson further argued that air pollution had already begun failing betwixt 1962 and 1970 (when major amendments were added to the Clean Air Human activity) and that air quality improvements slowed after the act'due south passage considering "federally mandated reductions ofttimes failed to account for local weather condition, creating expensive and often ineffective one-size-fits-none approaches to clearing the air."[24]
Other views
- Authors of a 2004 report entitled Air Quality Direction in the United States and published by the National Inquiry Council, a research system within the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine whose stated mission is "to better authorities conclusion making and public policy," concluded that the Clean Air Human action "will probably continue to take substantial net economic benefits." The written report's authors qualified its decision, arguing that the EPA's implementation was at times overly focused on process rather than results. Specifically, the report establish that the procedure states utilise run across National Ambient Air Quality Standards was "a legalistic, and ofttimes frustrating, proposal and review procedure, which focuses primarily on compliance with intermediate process steps." The report's authors further argued that states were likely discouraged from innovating and experimenting with anti-pollution controls as a event. In addition, the authors concluded that states and localities were overburdened given their limited human and financial resources to comply with federal procedures and that states and local governments may have fatigued resources away from meeting federal air quality standards to meeting specific procedural requirements.[25] [26]
Recent news
The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Make clean Air Act. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these manufactures.
See also
- Implementation of the Clean Air Human activity
- National Ambient Air Quality Standards
- Air pollutants
- Hazardous air pollutant
Footnotes
- ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Bureau, "Make clean Air Act Requirements and History," accessed August 7, 2022
- ↑ U.Due south. Environmental Protection Bureau, "Understanding the Clean Air Deed," accessed August seven, 2022
- ↑ iii.0 3.1 3.two U.South. Ecology Protection Agency, "History of the Clean Air Act," accessed August 7, 2022
- ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Summary of the Make clean Air Human action," accessed February 2, 2022
- ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Bureau, "National Air Activity Dashboard," accessed Jan fifteen, 2022
- ↑ Rice Academy Ecology and Energy Systems Found - Shell Centre for Sustainability, "Clean Air Act Implementation in Houston: An Historical Perspective 1970-2005," Feb 2005
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 The American Presidency Projection, "Dwight D. Eisenhower - Special Message to Congress Recommending a Health Program," January 31, 2005
- ↑ Annotation: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ U.S. Senate Surroundings and Public Works Committee, "Clean Air Human action - Full Text," accessed June 11, 2022
- ↑ Environmental Protection Agency, "Applying or Implementing Ozone Standards," accessed June one, 2022
- ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)," accessed August 7, 2022
- ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Bureau, "Current Nonattainment Counties for All Criteria Pollutants," updated July ii, 2022
- ↑ U.Southward. Environmental Protection Agency, "Counties Designated "Nonattainment" for Make clean Air Human activity'southward National Ambience Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)," updated July two, 2022
- ↑ 14.0 14.ane 14.ii xiv.three 14.4 14.5 Congressional Research Service, "Clean Air Act: A Summary of the Human activity and Its Major Requirements," updated May ix, 2005
- ↑ U.Due south. Environmental Protection Agency, "Basic Data," accessed Baronial vii, 2022
- ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Bureau, "Reducing Toxic Air Pollutants," accessed August 7, 2022
- ↑ Marriage of Concerned Scientists, "The Make clean Air Human activity," accessed September 20, 2022
- ↑ Union of Concerned Scientists, "Founding Certificate: 1968 MIT Faculty Statement," accessed October 24, 2022
- ↑ Eye for American Progress, "Protecting Public Wellness and Growing the Economy: 25 Years of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments," November xvi, 2022
- ↑ Environmental Defence force Fund, "The Make clean Air Act: Good for Our Health AND Our Economic system," March 2, 2022
- ↑ U.S. Ecology Protection Bureau, "The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Human action from 1990 to 2022," March 2022
- ↑ American Enterprise Institute, "Air Quality in America," accessed September 20, 2022
- ↑ U.S. House of Representatives - Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, "Testimony of Nick Loris - Herbert & Joyce Morgan Inquiry Fellow, The Heritage Foundation," March 1, 2022
- ↑ Belongings and Surroundings Research Center, "Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due," December 14, 2022
- ↑ The Wall Street Periodical, "Why the Make clean Air Human activity May Exist By Its Prime number," Apr 17, 2022
- ↑ National Academies Press, "Air Quality Management in the The states," accessed September twenty, 2022
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